small期刊参考文献格式

不同期刊对参考文献的格式不同，最好去改期刊的官网上面查看或者用Reference Manager或者Endnote自动设置

本熟|咱戴≡

区别：

一、MLA偏重偏重自然学科，APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。

MLA（Modern Language Association）偏重人文学科，是一种常用的引用格式,为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。

二、MLA和APA参考资料引用上不同，MLA偏重偏重自然学科，中APA偏重人文学科。对参考书目的称呼是不同的,在MIA中吧它叫做引用书目（works-sited)，而在APA中叫做参考书(reference)，但在中国习惯叫做参考书目。

APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。

APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。

正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目已出版至第五版、总页数超过400页，而此协会是在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。

MLA引用格式

MLA.《研究论文作者手册》（MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers），第4版

书Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The Historyof the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.

期刊文章

Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in StarTrek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture (1991):53-65.

报纸与杂志文章

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore ModernSociety Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 : A3.

百科全书文章Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia . Patricia Bayer, et al. Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated, 1995.

书中的文章与章节

James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According toKirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald , CT: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.

EKIC 文件

Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The NextGeneration: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami.

网站 (see MLA's official site for more details)Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley'sScience Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997.

参考资料来源：百度百科-APA格式

参考资料来源：百度百科-MLA

[1]谷树忠,胡咏君,周洪.生态文明建设的科学内涵与基本路径.资源科学，2013，35(1): 2～13.

[2]Daniel deB., earth’s critical ，326(20): 1067—1068.

[3]National Research Research Opportunities in the Earth DC: National Academy ，1—117.

[4]Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,National Research research opportunities in earth DC: National Academy ，1—154.

[5]张波,曲建升,丁永建.国际临界带研究发展回顾与美国临界带研究进展介绍.世界科技研究与发展，2010，32(5): 723～728.

[6]Brantley disciplines and scales to understand the critical ，3: 3–7—314.

[7]Brantley in exploration of the Critical Zone: Report of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation(NSF),October 24–26,2005,Dewark,，1—30.

[8]European strategy for soil (2006)231,Commission of the European Communities,，1—12.

[9]Lin ’s critical zone and hydropedology: concepts,characteristics,and and Earth System ，14: 25—45.

[10]Wilkinson as geologic agents: A deeptime ，33(3): 161—164.

[11]Lin J.,Wilding in in ，85: 1—89.

[12]Bell : patterns,perception and ＆FN Spon,Taylor ＆ Francis Group,London,，1—337.

[13]徐芝英,胡云锋,刘越,等.空间尺度转换数据精度评价的准则和方法.地理科学进展，2012，31(12):1574～1582.

[14]Schaetzl : genesis and University Press,Cambridge,，1—821.

[15]杨建锋,万书勤,邓伟,等.地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评.农业工程学报.2005，21(6): 158～165.

[16]Salama of groundwater conditions to soil and water ，7: 46—64

[17]Valenza A.,Grillot of groundwater on the degradation of irrigated soils in a semi-arid region,the inner delta of the Niger River, ，8: 417—429

[18]赵文智,程国栋.干旱区生态水文过程研究若干问题评述.科学通报，2001，46(22): 1851～1857.

[19]Sinke O., of a fluctuating water table: column study on redox dynamics and fate of some organic of Contaminant ，33: 231—246

[20]Ness B.,Anderberg S.,Olsson problems in sustainability science: The multi-level DPSIR ，41(3): 479—488.

[21]Burkett J.,et Survey climate and land use change science strategy——A framework for understanding and responding to global Survey Circular 1383–，1—43.

[22]Banwart S.,Menon M.,Bernasconi processes and functions across an international network of Critical Zone Observatories: Introduction to experimental methods and initial ，344:758—772.

[23]Evenson Survey water science strategy—Observing,understanding,predicting,and delivering water science to the Survey Circular 1383–，1—49.

[24]Narasimhan in North America: past and ，13: 7—24.

[25]Bohlen for a changing world——a science strategy for the Geologic Division of the Survey,2000– Survey circular 2008，1172.

[26]Befus M.,et constraints on critical zone architecture,Boulder Creek watershed,Front Range, Zone ，10: 915—927.

[27]Bristol strategy for Core Science Systems in the Survey,2013– Survey Open-File Report 2012–，1—29.

[28]Holmes hazards science strategy: Survey Open-File Report 2012–，1—75.

[29]COM(2006) strategy for soil from the Commission to the Council,the European Parliament,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the ，1—12.

[30]Banwart S.,Bernasconi J.,et processes and functions in critical zone observatories: hypotheses and experimental Zone ，10: 974—987.

[31]Anderson weathering and regolith transport controls on Critical Zone development with models and natural ，26: 53—55.

[32]Anderson Blanckenburg F.,White and chemical controls on the Critical ，3: 315—319.

[33]Amundson R.,Richter between biota and earth materials in the Critical ，3: 327—332.

[34]Anderson zone observatories: building a network to advance interdisciplinary study of earth surface Magazine 2008，72(1): 7—10.

[35]Chorover J.,Scatena T.,et Critical Zone Observatory Infrastructure and Guide Prepared By CZO PIs,September 27,—2.

[36]Zacharias S.,Bogena H.,Samaniego L.,et network of terrestrial environmental observatories in Zone ，10: 955—973.

[37]Banwart our ，474: 151—152.

[38]Lin H.,Jan sciences in a global network of critical zone Zone ，10: 781—785.

[39]Wang solutions for flow in porous Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in ，27: 565—583.

[40]Xu L.,Wang Y.,Yu P.,et impacts of afforestation: a case study based on simulation of TOPOG in the small watershed of Caogou in Liupan mountains, of Resources and ，1(3): 202—210.

[41]Kim S.,Lee H.,Park of seawater intrusion range in coastal aquifer using the FEMWATER model for disaster Georesources ＆ ，30(3): 210—221.

[42]Lin principles of soil formation and flow of ，393: 3—19.

[43]杨大文,雷慧闽,丛振涛.流域水文过程与植被相互作用研究现状评述.水利学报.2010，41(10): 1142～1149.

[44]陈腊娇,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.流域生态水文模型研究进展.地理科学进展.2011，30(5): 535～544.

[45]Ivanov V,Y.,Bras dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: mechanistic approach to modeling dynamic Resources ，44: W03429.

[46]Rabbitt United States Geological Survey: 1879– Survey Circular ，1—52.

[47] tomorrow’s challenges— Survey science in the decade 2007– Survey Circular 1309,2007，1—70.

[48]Craghan study of human action in the physical ，25(3): 251—268.

[49]Reid monitoring of Survey Fact Sheet 2012–，1—4.

[50]杨建锋,万书勤.美国水文地质调查发展历程及启示.资源与产业.2007，9(1): 22～26.

[51]Wieczorek examination of selected historical rainfall-induced debris-flow events within the central and southern Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United Survey Open-File Report 2009–，1—25.

[52]Brennan probabilistic assessment methodology for the evaluation of geologic carbon dioxide Survey Open-File Report 2010–，1—31.

[53]Healy water,solute,and heat transport in the subsurface with the VS2DI software Zone ，7(2): 632—639.

[54]Williams Survey ecosystems science strategy—Advancing discovery and application through Survey Circular 1383–，1—43.

[55]Ferrero Survey energy and minerals science strategy—A resource lifecycle Survey Circular 1383–，1—37.

[56]Bright Survey environmental health science strategy—Providing environmental health science for a changing Survey Circular 1383–，1—43.

[57]Holmes Survey natural hazards science strategy— Promoting the safety,security,and economic well-being of the Survey Circular 1383–，1—79.

[58]Bristol Survey core science systems strategy—Characterizing,synthesizing,and understanding the critical zone through a modular science Survey Circular 1383–，1—33.

[59]Cunningham Survey ground-water climate response Survey Fact Sheet 2007–，1—4.

[60]董联党,顾颖,王晓璐.欧盟环境政策体系与其实施机制对中国的借鉴.生态经济.2008，(1): 37～40.

[61]European 2020: A strategy for smart,sustainable and inclusive (2010)2020 ，1—34.

[62]European 2020-the framework programme for research and (2011)808 ，1—14.

[63]The European Parliament and the Council of the European Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020‘Living well,within the limits of our planet’.Official Journal of the European —200.

[64]Demicheli L.,Delfini C.,Hunter Geological Surveys of : Landslide science and practice,Volume 7: social and economic impact and by Margottini C.,Canuti P.,Sassa —333.

[65]刘凤山,胡道功.欧美国家地质填图的理念、管理与战略.地质通报.2009，28(10): 1405～1410.

[66]Thomsen R.,·Søndergaard .,·Sørensen mapping as a basis for establishing site-specific groundwater protection zones in ，12: 550—562.

[67]Commission of the European resources of the European Community: synthetical of the European Communities,Directorate-General for the environment,consumer protection and nuclear äfer GmbH,，1—75.

[68]Cornu J.,Eme D.,Malard distribution of groundwater habitats in ，21:949—960.

[69]Schulte-Braucks the land 2013，44—47.

[70]Quevauviller monitoring in the context of EU legislation: reality and integration of Environmental ，7: 89—102.

[71]Tuinstra J.,van Wensem services in sustainable groundwater of the Total ，485–486: 798—803.

[72]Wendland F.,Blum A.,Coetsiers M.,et aquifer typology: a practical framework for an overview of major groundwater composition at European ，55: 77—85.

[73]Hahn patterns of groundwater communities across aquifer types in south-western ，54: 848—860.

[74]Griebler C.,Stein H.,Kellermann C.,et assessment of groundwater ecosystems: vision or ，36: 1174—1190.

[75]Keuskamp Drecht G.,Bouwman modeling of groundwater denitrification and associated N2O ，165: 67—76.

[76]Van Den Eeckhaut M.,Hervás of the art of national landslide databases in Europe and their potential for assessing landslide susceptibility,hazard and ，139–140: 545—558.

[77]张志勤.欧盟碳捕获及储存技术研发现状与发展趋势.全球科技经济瞭望.2012，27(10): 5～11.

[78]Thorleifson mapping goes 3–D in response to societal ，20(8): 27—29.

[79]British Geological to the earth: science for the next : Polaris ，1—18.

英语论文的标准格式参考

在学习、工作生活中，大家总少不了接触论文吧，论文写作的过程是人们获得直接经验的过程。那么，怎么去写论文呢？以下是我收集整理的英语论文的标准格式参考，欢迎大家分享。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。

字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名；所属学会；学历或授予的荣誉；所在单位；通讯地址和电子邮箱；电话和传真。

参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

扩展： 英语学术论文格式

1、TITLE标题

既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。

有些杂志,某些作者除采用正标题之外,还采用副标题,这种情况在国外刊物上的各类论文中可谓俯拾即是。采用副标题,一般是在正标题过于简单、笼统的情况下,起到补充和系统说明正题等的作用,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据分析(补充正题)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes医学新闻:辅助性化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解决的问题:吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们注意吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。

有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素(1)CARE保健；(2)TECHNOLOGY技术学；(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭关系；(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展水平(研究标准)；(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价值和信仰。

2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要

这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ；Patients with…were followed up for+时间；It is showed that… ；It is concluded that… ；Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ；These findingshave special importance in showing that… ；The find-ings have general significance in that… ；This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:

Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA对正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了测定。其结果有一定规律:抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达高峰,而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方克汀病之诊断有一定意义。

3、INTRODUCTION引言

本项除课题意义外,主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研究的目的,后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:

、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(过去的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果,否则会喧宾夺主。句式常有 (reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ；Sb found(showed…)that… .还有若干不同的其它表达方法,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… ；The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ；The distribution has reported by… ；Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ；This article(paper)documents… ；We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ；Our findings demon-strate… ；We reasoned that… ；The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ；The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一项研究分析了乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我们发现,同样剂量的ASA均可延长出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制更具敏感性。这可能是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。

、OBJECTIVES目的

这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ；The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。

4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、设备和试验程序

这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述),或者只写PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ；Sb or Sth participated in this study；或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24～69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的.小柜组成。

5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION结果和讨论

这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论,其中包括曲线、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用语有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ；It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的结果已经说明,T细胞缺失对预防GVHD有效。

6、CONCLUSION结论

其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小结及结论),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论与建议)。常用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感谢

这项的常用语是:We acknowledge with… ；Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ；Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor for his valuable suggestionsand thank also for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和单位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于单位。有时,在这一项之后还有一行内容:Correspondence should be addresed MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH这是表示致函的地点和单位。

8、REFERENCES参考文献

参考文献的写法有多种,但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种,前后要一致。众所周知,列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是在论文中的引用部分按出现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书目要包拓以下几个内容:作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号,而按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:

文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。

如上所述,我们把参考的文献,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,写在下面:(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in University (1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering( ).Oxford University (1972a)Principles of York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Science,May1972,～68,(1972b)ibid,～74注意:(1)若文章选自一本论文集,则先写作者姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及文集名称。如不另起一句,中间要用逗号。ed,eds分别为editor和editors的缩写。(2)作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间用句号分开。每条书目的最后用逗号,也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分别是page和pages的缩写,ibid意为“同上”。(5)若论文多次引出同一篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书籍的出版年份,并注上页次,前后用括号括上,如(Nelson,1972,)。如果出现引用同一作者,同一年份的几本着作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示区别,如(Nels on,1972a,),(Nelson,1972b,～68)。

9、APPENDIX附录、补遗

这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符号及定义表),NOME NCLATURE(技术术语表),等。如何用英语撰写医学论文,笔者认为,对很多作者来说,耗时最多的工作不是本文所谈及的,而应是扎扎实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读；加强文学修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工作,用英语撰写医学论文,并且撰写较高水平论文的问题便会迎刃而解。

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。 正文中的引证 学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。 引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：MLA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).APA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：MLA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：APA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：APA：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：MLA： (Zhu 12) APA： (Zhang, 2005) 引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：MLA：Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).APA：Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203)，而 APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：MLA：Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).APA：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11). 引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA（二至三位作者）：Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）MLA（三位以上的作者）：The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).APA（两位作者）：Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA（三至五位作者）第一次引用：According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用： To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).APA（五位以上的作者）：Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如： MLA：Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).APA：Well-established SLA researchers (., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如： MLA： (. Wang 26) (. Wang 30)APA： (. Wang, 2003) (. Wang, 2003, p. 213) 引用团体作者（corporate author） 引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如： MLA：It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).APA：Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54). 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如： MLA：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).APA：(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001) 在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。 无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：MLA：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the ：Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986). 引用同一作者的多篇文献 按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004) 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004) 同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如： (Bloom, 2003a, 2003b) 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献 括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：MLA：The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).APA：Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994). 在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见第节）。 引用非直接文献（indirect source） 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：MLA：Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。）APA：Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. 引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。 引用文学作品和经典文献 按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。 在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如： In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” ().这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。） 在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” ().这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如： 第一次引用：(lines 5-8) 以后的引用：(12-13) 在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使用。） 在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. ).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法，因而使用时应该注意核对。 对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间，使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现“句中句”。图右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语，但均不合语法。正确：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正确：Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 错误：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 错误：Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法，往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句，可以用省略号（ellipses“…”）取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组，则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号（square brackets“[ ]”）以内。例如：删除词句：He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组：Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.” 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。 注意：如果删除是在句内，应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后，则应在该整句最后的标点（句号、问号或惊叹号）不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。 脚注（footnotes）的使用 在MLA的规范里，脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用：（1）提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息；（2）提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标，每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中，前一个属第一种情况，后一种属第二种情况： The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.….Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.————————————— Notes1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. , Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1: For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.（第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。） 在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样，都必须在正文后面的参考文献著录中详细注明。 脚注可使用单倍行距，但相邻脚注之间应空行。脚注的字体必须与正文一样。 参考文献著录的格式 参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章MLA：Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): ：Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380. 注意：（1）在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2）在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（4）按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。两位作者写的文章MLA：Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): ：Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章MLA：Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): ：Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43. 无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在MLA规范里以名字开始，继以姓氏，而在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。 如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文 “and others”），如：MLA：Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): ：Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review） MLA：Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: ：Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book） MLA：Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. ：Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman. 注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。（2）在MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称，在APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。杂志中的文章MLA：Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: ：Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67. 注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。报纸中的文章MLA：“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B. APA：Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）MLA:Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. ：Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件（A government publication）MLA：United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000. APA：National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: . Government Printing 著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍MLA：Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, ：Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。新版书（Book with a new edition）MLA：Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, ：Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.团体作者（Book with a corporate author）写的书籍MLA：College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, ：American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍（Book with no author）MLA：Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, ：Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 编撰的书籍（Edited book）MLA：Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, ：Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍（Translated book）MLA：Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, ：Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946) 注意在两种规范里，翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。重版书（Republished book）MLA：Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937.