上海阿稀
In recent years, with the rapid development of network, network world, the emergence of manypopular language, some popular language is indeed very vivid manifestation of the objective facts, such as "don't break the Gala" in advertising, this catchword very good expression of the09 spring festival gala ads are excessive and unreasonable. Such catchword is pierce to the heart of the matter, has the very high performance, at the same time, there are sharp irony hasplay a decisive role, the significance of enrichment and development of Chinese culture. But the popular language of network also appeared in another extreme, that is vulgar and catchword hand performance is a negative and a fretful attitude, on the other hand,reflects the thinking of quality to be improved. Such popular lossy speaker's image, at the same time, once the habit is difficult to correct, such catchword is undoubtedly the unhealthy cultureNetwork popular language is a product of the rapid development of the network, is an objectivefact that can not be avoided. We are in the light of its general trend, the good play out, thecontrol is not good aspect influence to a minimum. Network environment is good or bad and reality of culture and education has the very big relations, in reality both school, society and family, to advocate harmonious, civilization, the formation of a good social atmosphere andexcellent science feng. Because the network pop audiences are mostly young people, theirability to imitate and curiosity is very strong, to accept new things fast, resolution is the ability and control ability of non is relatively weak, in their words and deeds of control force is to solve this problem, I think the best thing is to create a good network popular languageenvironment. At the same time also should take part in more social practice, exercise their ownability to understand and solve the ability. Adhere to the "not free to imitate, do not blindlyworship" principle. To create a good social atmosphere and network culture.
网络语言 你明白多少? 出生于上世纪八九十年代的新新人类有着自己与众不同的标志,伊妹儿、小猫、老鼠早已被踢出年轻一代的网络词典,越来越多的新词汇正以迅雷不及掩耳之势蔓延。“偶稀饭粗稀饭”,“晕倒,楼主刚从火星归来?”,“偶8素米女,偶素恐龙的说”,“介素虾米东东?”……这些都是新新人类的网络语言。 网络是个虚拟世界,受网费和网速的限制,为了提高交流沟通的效率和信息含量,属于它自己的“Q言Q语”便应运而生,给日常用语注入一股鲜活的血液。 新新人类都是一些创造力和模仿力都很强的年轻人,善于也乐于接受新鲜事物,也正因此,网络语言才会不断推陈出新。 Q语究竟是古老汉语的一种新时代烙印,还是把纯洁的汉语带入了一个歧途? 网络语言颠覆传统文字习惯 几家欢喜几家愁“周末,读大学的GG(哥哥)回来,给我带了很多好东西,都系‘偶’(我)非常‘稀饭’(喜欢)的。就‘酱紫’(这样子),‘偶’(我)就答应GG陪他去逛街吃KPM(肯德基、比萨饼、麦当劳)……”相信很多人看了这段文字都会不知所云,但这却是天津市某中学生作文里的一段文字。时下,这些时髦的网络“新语言”已成为不少青少年挂在嘴边的常用语。走进各所大中学校,我们随处可以听见“恐龙”“青蛙”“灌水”“BF(男朋友)”“MM(妹妹)”等这样的网络语言,有的学生甚至把它们当作书面语言,在作文中使用。这就给我们提出了一个问题:网络语言究竟是新新人类的文字游戏,还是现代汉语的积极发展?我们应该如何看待这种现象? 学生时髦有趣干吗不用? 天津新华社消息,天津市43中学的高一女生李某在接受记者采访时说,网络语言活泼幽默,用起来非常方便也很时髦,很受同学们的欢迎。她还告诉记者说,谁要是在网上一本正经地和别人聊天,是会被人家挖苦取笑的。 也有一些学生对记者说,语言的使用本就应该不拘一格,生动有趣的网络语言其实和相声、小品一样,也是语言魅力的体现。很多畅销的网络小说如《第一次亲密接触》、《猪八戒日记》里充斥了“美眉”“青蛙”这样的网络语言,读起来让人耳目一新,如果把这些词换成正统的表达,它的可读性就差很多。 记者登录了几家国内网站的论坛和聊天室,满眼充斥着让人看得似懂非懂的网络语言:“蛋白质”指“笨蛋、白痴、神经质”,“尴尬”一定要说成“监介”,网络新手被称作“菜鸟”,在网上乱留言叫“灌水”,“很S”形容的是说话拐弯抹角,而最常见的TAXI(出租车)在网络语言却变成了“太可惜”…… 老师认为网络语言冲击语文教学 家住天津市和平区的许女士无意间发现女儿的日记中有这样的文字:“……没想到我最要好的朋友竟欺我,TMD(他妈的),7456(气死我了),我恨不得一脚TST(踢死她)。”许女士看后不知所云,直到女儿一番解释她才明白过来。许女士无奈地对记者说:“这是什么话呀,日记本成了密码本,根本看不明白!看来我和孩子之间已经有了‘网络沟’。” 家住天津南开区的小楠在上小学时擅长写作文。入中学后,小楠开始迷上了网络。近日,老师在一次家长会上说,小楠写的作文让他有些看不懂,什么“PF(佩服)”、“BT(变态)”、“4242(是啊)”都用进去了。小楠的母亲翻开女儿的作文一看,到处是老师用红笔画的圈圈杠杠,都是“看不懂”的网络语言。 也有的家长认为,要让孩子不受网络语言的影响,就要让孩子们远离网络。可孩子们都反映,网络世界丰富多彩,利用网络可以获取很多知识,这令家长们左右为难。 专家宽容比扼杀更重要 有关专家表示,网络语言也是一种语言实践,能在学生中间风靡,就说明它是有生命力的。但是,如果用网络语言写出来的东西大部分人都看不懂,影响了沟通,也就失去了语言的意义。同时,老师和家长应该用宽容和理解的心态看待这种现象。 王辛铭说,在语言的长期发展中会出现一些新的词汇,有一部分有生命力,有一些会被淘汰,这些新出现的网络词汇中有些可能成为汉语的新词汇。网络语言是年轻人的一种调侃语言,它也有个生命力的问题。对网络语言我们要有个去伪存真、去粗取精的过程。对网络语言的出现不要大惊小怪,视为洪水猛兽。 天津师范大学文学院教授汤吉夫认为,社会发展越快越迅猛,语言就会不断地被丰富被更新。对于出现的网络流行语言不能简单地判断对错,它进入人们的生活需要一个逐步被接受的过程,因此对网络语言宽容比扼杀更重要。现在很多老师和家长会担心作文中大量使用网络语言会影响孩子的考试成绩,这种想法其实是不科学的。在我国大力提倡全面进行素质教育的今天,素质教育取代应试教育是一个必然趋势,一些有鲜活生命力的语言将不再成为高考作文的禁忌。 天津市社会科学研究院舆情研究所所长王来华说,网络语言作为一种灵活变通的表达方式与常规语言相比具有新奇、简单、有幽默感的特点,我们应当对它报以一种宽容的态度。同时,我们应当加强对网络语言的研究,分清楚哪些是健康的哪些是不健康的,并加强对学生的正面引导,促使其使用规范性的语言文字,毕竟传统的语言有其深厚的文化底蕴和历史内涵。 天津市求真高级中学高级教师王辛铭说,因受网络语言的影响,有同学在作文里会冷不丁地冒出个网络上的词语。一些年纪大的老师根本搞不清是什么意思。在平时教学中,我们要求学生写作文尽量用口语化的语言,可将学生作文收上来一看,还是有些学生会使用诸如“酷毙”、“卡哇依”之类的词。他认为,对此若不加以引导,学生极有可能会养成不规范使用语言文字的坏习惯。 天津市求真高级中学高级教师王义明指出,学生面临考试、升学的压力,在这样的现实条件下,如果一味地使用网络语言只会给自己带来“不安全因素”。阅卷老师对网络语言一般都不会买账,这样会直接影响他们的分数。 网络语言生成另类文化?时下,网络交流已日益成为人们生活中的一部分。随着网络交流的普及,一些新兴的网络语言正逐步影响着人们的生活。如果你不了解网络语言,就很难被视作网民中的真正一员,就像不懂英语很难与世界接轨一样。 网络的另类声音 在网上,如果你称呼漂亮姑娘为美女,肯定会让网友们喷饭———太俗了。网上美女的称呼叫“美眉”。发明这个称呼的网虫一定具有相当丰富的艺术细胞,因为姑娘的眉毛可是构成美貌的关键因素之一。 在中国的传统词汇中,东施是丑女的代名词,谁叫她效颦来着。可若是在网上,丑女们有着更令人胆战心惊的称呼:“恐龙”!如果再在前边加上3个字:肉食性。那可就彻底玩完了———谁也不敢惹长相丑陋的“泼妇”。 以上只是网络语言的一类,它来源于中国的传统词汇,但被网虫们赋予了新的含义。通常都非常形象,通俗易懂。“伊妹儿”、“美眉”是第一批伴随网络诞生的词汇。 此外,新词汇的诞生还有很多归功于网民们自己的创造。例如米国,并不是指生产大米的国家,而是指美国。网民打招呼的时候,通常不会说“我来了”、“我要去吃饭了”之类没品位的大白话。 在网上,数字语言更不可小觑。倘若你初涉网络,除非有破译密码的天才,否则是绝对弄不明白数字语言代表的真正含义。很多现实生活中的爱情高手就是这样栽在网上的。 网络语言还包括很多拼音或者英文字母的缩写,起初主要是网虫们为了提高网上聊天的效率而采取的方式,久而久之就形成特定语言了。比如说,“BB”的意思就很复杂了,它可能是宝贝、孩子,情人,也可能是和你说分手———BYE—BYE。 如果你愤怒,你可以选出一个横眉竖目的脸谱发过去,心情好时则可以选择哈哈大笑的卡通形象。还有许多符号都代表着不同的含义。网络语言种类繁多,很难一一列出,其中的意味、酸甜苦辣就得网民们自己去慢慢品了。 网络语言冲击语文教学 一位小学教师来电说,现在的学生开口“哇噻”闭口“酷MAN”的,让人不知所云。更可怕的是,有些学生在作文,尤其是日记、周记里面充斥着大量的类似语言。据了解,学生们都是从网上学来的。这位老师呼吁,现在学生上网的越来越多,而学生们又正处于打基础的时候,如果对网络语言不加以控制,很可能会对传统正规语言的学习产生负面影响。 北京小学副校长李明新在接受记者采访时说,应当客观地来看待网络语言对学生的影响,不能将其一棍子打死。语言反映了一定的社会现象,如果一个新的语言产生已经得到了社会的公认,而且对社会产生积极影响的话,我们就不能也不可能人为地去阻止它。比如说一些大众俚语、俗话就有很强的生命力,事实证明,这些语言对社会只有好处而没有弊端。倘若是些类似江湖黑话等不健康的语言,就应当坚决制止。 白云路小学教师张金芳认为,传统的语文教学比较正规,语法、词汇的运用都非常讲究。可是网络语言却不一样,随意的成分太大。如果单纯拒绝网络语言也不明智,毕竟它在某种程度上是很多学生内心世界的真实写照。但如果一味地放任自流也不行。这其间有个度的把握问题。比如说我的学生的文章出现个别网络语言,我不会去责怪他们,而是应该去了解它的真实含义。毕竟,对待新类型的语言,我们采取的方式不应该是逃避而是去学会如何面对。 面对教师们的忧虑,很多身处其中的学生们却不以为然。一位绰号“甲克虫”的小网民对记者说,我们打小就爱看卡通漫画、电视、现在又迷上了网络。我们知道自己需要什么样的语言。那些罗嗦乏味的文字我最讨厌,明明一个单词或者一副图片就能说明白的干吗要拐弯抹角来表达呢。 语言发展不能拒绝网络 记者从国家新闻出版署了解到,对于报纸、期刊、杂志上出现的文字,国家都有相应的规定。而对于兼具媒体性质的网络语言还没有出台专门的规定,有关部门也正在商讨相应的措施。另据国家语言文字工作委员会有关人士向记者透露,是否规范网络语言并不是非常重要,关键是看它是否具有生命力。语言是活的、变化的、一直处于发展中的。网络上冒出的新词汇主要取决于它自身的生命力。如果那些充满活力的网络语言能够经得起时间的考验,约定俗成后我们就可以接受。毕竟它们在一定程度上是我们这个网络时代的反映,同时,它也能丰富中国的语言文字。有一些专家就专门从事收集新词汇的工作。 一位语言学专家认为,人们应当以更加积极的态度去对待网络语言。纵观历史,人类的每一种新文化的兴起都会带来一些新的词汇。远的不说,比如近年国内兴起的股民专用术语,熊市、牛市等单词已经远远超出了股市的运用范围。现在的小孩,都是从读图时代长大的,他们需要更加简单、形象的交流工具。网络语言的产生与其说是为了迎合新一代的需要,倒不如说是语言发展史的必然。网络语言对网民心理的折射摘要] 随着以网络为媒介的交流的增多,网络语言应运而生,网络语言目前主要有四类:“新造网语”、“数字网语”、“缩略网语”以及“符号网语”。网民赋予网络语言形象生动、标新立异的特点, 折射出特定人群在特定时期的心理状况。[关键词] 网络语言;类型;特点;心理折射 前言 从20世纪90年代起,一场以网络化、数字化为特征的信息革命已经深入到了社会的各个领域,随之而来的是以国际互联网为媒介的人际交流越来越普遍。但在现有的网络环境下,大部分的网上交流仍采用字符的形式,同时占网民比例最大的人群是代表社会中坚力量的年轻人。因此在这种交流过程中,语言的运用方式也显示出了一些独有的特点,这造就了一种新的语言形式“网络语言”。广义的网络语言大体上可以分为三类:一是与网络有关的专业术语,如硬件、软件、鼠标、病毒、宽带、登陆、在线、聊天室、局域网、防火墙、浏览器等。二是与网络有关的特别用语,如网民、网吧、触网、黑客、短信息、第四媒体、基准网民、电子商务、政府上网、中国概念股、虚拟空间、注意力经济、信息高速公路等。三是网民在聊天室和BBS上的常用词语和符号,如美眉、大虾、斑竹、恐龙、菜鸟、公鸡、东东、酱紫、瘟都死等。狭义的网络语言仅指第三类,是指网民们在网络交流这一新兴文化中所使用的新的语言。本文所要描述的正是这一类别。作为一种新兴的语言模式,网络语言文字活泼、自由、亲切、幽默,特别贴近生活,同时却又鱼龙混杂,泥沙俱下,这些语言现象的出现都有一定的社会心理基础。透过这些语言现象,能够看出与之相适应的特定人群在特定时期的心理状况。 网络语言的类型 目前中文环境中的网络语言(以下简称网语)种类繁多,新词新语漫天飞舞,词语的构成也比较复杂。具体说来,按其组成方式可分为四大类: 1、新造网语。年轻而时尚的网民们为了在网络世界引领潮流、标新立异,不断创造出一些生动活泼、充满怪异情趣的新词,或推陈出新,或旧词换新意。新造网语主要呈现四种形式:(1)“旧词义变”,即根据具体交流的需要给旧有的词汇赋予新的意义。如“帖子”是对网络论坛中所发表文章的称呼,是从“写着字的小纸片”的含义而来;“楼上”和“楼下”在网络论坛中指“上面的帖子”和“下面的帖子”,因为在网上文章按照其发表的先后顺序而呈由上而下的排列;“青蛙” 是指不受欢迎的丑陋男孩,而不是在说青蛙王子或吹牛大王;甚至有人用“偶像”指称呕吐的对象,用“天才”指称天生的蠢材。(2)“旧词音形变”,是指对旧有词语的读音、字形加以变化,进而产生新词的现象。例如,“妹妹”变成“美眉”, “青筋”变成请进, “大侠”变成“大虾”,“版主”变成“斑竹”,“气疯”变成“弃轰”等等。(3) “音译借词”。这里的“借词”概念借自传统的语言学:“借词也叫外来词,它指的是音与义都借自外语的词。” [1]最典型的莫过于把E-mail(电子邮件)称作“伊妹儿”、Windows称作瘟都死 、homepage(个人主页)称作烘培机。(4)“新新词汇” 是指由汉字构成的新词。比如“菜鸟”是对网络新手的戏称;“东东”就是指东西,仿佛出自幼儿之口,女孩子对此词情有独钟;“灌水”是让你发表意见、写文章,与之相应的还有“造砖”,前者是指随便写没价值的东西,后者是用心写好文章,两者相映成趣。 2、数字网语。抽象的数字经过想象力的排列组合,产生的效果出乎人们意料。这种数字化语言往往意蕴无穷而表意诙谐活泼,充满生活情趣。数字网语大体有三种表达方式:(1)数字与汉语谐音。比如最常用的886表示“拜拜了”;7456表示“气死我了”;770表示“亲亲你”;5555是“呜呜呜呜”,象声词,意即哭泣;1314520是温情脉脉地向对方表白“一生一世我爱你”等等。(2)数字与外语谐音。如88表示bye-bye; 74表示kiss;3166表示“撒优那拉”(日本语)再见的意思等等。(3)“数字密码”。是指通过阿拉伯数字的特别组合来表示某种寓意,有人在网上称你是286,他是在说你“脑子转得慢,像台286电脑一样”。又如“007”是指“我有秘密”; “123”是指“木头人”; “10”或“100”是指完美; “1775”是“我要造反了”,因为1775年美国独立战争爆发;“13579”表示“此事真奇怪”,因为这5个数字都是奇数,而在英语中“奇数”与“奇怪”是同一个词“odd”;“010”是指“孤独”;“0001000”又指“我真的好孤独”,“1”表示一个人,“0”表示空乏,取数字的象形意味等等。 3、缩略网语。网民们将英语或汉语变形而为缩略语,这种语言起初只是网民为了提高网上聊天的效率而采取的一种应对方式,久而久之就形成较为固定的网上用语了。它所遵循的原则只有便捷,目的就是把一样复杂或不便表达的东西用一个或几个简单的字母表示出来。缩略网语主要有两种形式:(1)规则的字首缩略语。又有英语和汉语拼音字首缩略语之分。比如BTW是by the way(顺便说)的英文缩略; “请有空就E我”,这E字是缩略语E-mail的再缩略;“BB”是Bye-Bye(再见)的英文缩略;“VG”是Verygood(非常好)的英文缩略;“PM”是Pardon me(原谅我)的英文缩略。又如汉语拼音首字母的缩略,如果你在网上被人呼为GG、DD、JJ、MM或PLMM,那就是一种非常亲昵的称谓了,指的是哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹或漂亮妹妹,这给原本冷冰冰的虚拟网络世界平添了一份亲切的感觉。当然,还有一些拼音缩略是平常不易出口的骂人话,如TMD就是“他妈的”的缩略,BT是“变态”的缩略,PMP是“拍马屁”的缩略,不一而足。(2)不规则的缩略语。如3KU和B4分别是thank you和before的汉英合璧的缩略; “HRU”是Howareyou(你好吗?)的英文缩略;“CU”是Seeyou(再见)的英文缩略等等。 4、符号网语。由于在网上网民大都采用字符的形式进行交流, 彼此看不到对方的表情和体姿语,这便影响语言交流的准确性和形象性,网民们由此特意创造了一系列具有感情意义和形象色彩的符号。这些符号都是由键盘中现有的特殊符号、字母和数字组成,是一种非常形象直观而且简约生动的语言表达方式,从某种程度上说比汉字更具表现力。比如,∶-)表示最普通、最基本的一张笑脸,常用在句尾或文章结束之处;∶-D表示非常开心地咧嘴大笑;∶-(表示正在生气或悲伤;^-^可以用来表示男士温和礼貌的笑脸,那么^.^自然代表女士含蓄优雅的笑容了;T-T表示哭泣的脸上双泪长流;^0^表示惊讶,^!^表示赞许;“:—P”(吐舌头的鬼脸); “:”表示接吻;“:%)%”表示满脸的青春痘,……丰富的表情符号能给人一种眉目传情的感觉,区区数画所传达给对方的信息往往会超过文字。 从网络语言的特点看网民的心理 第十三次CNNIC(2004年1月)调查结果显示,网民中18-24岁的年轻人所占比例最高,达到, 35岁以下的网民占,网民在年龄结构上呈现低龄化的特点。网民中受教育程度为高中(中专)的比例最高,占到,其次是大专()和本科()。从用户职业看,学生所占比例最多,达到了。[2]尤其活跃在聊天室和BBS的人群,其年龄、学历和职业结构使其具备了与其他社会群体不同的文化特征:他们更有知识,更易接受新鲜事物,更具创新能力,他们也最具个性和反叛精神一、网络语言的生动形象对网民心理的折射 从上述网络语言类型分析中可看出网络语言最显著的特征是生动形象。网络语言的生动形象主要表现在两个方面:一是新造网语的生动形象;二是符号网语的眉目传情。网络语言中的所有表达方式其实都是可以用传统的表达方式来表达的,可为什么网民们还要费劲心思创造出这些生动形象的网络语言呢?我认为这要从网民的年轻化来看,现在网民中的大多数都是高学历、高素养的、年龄在35岁以下的年轻人。他们正在显示特有的智慧与才情, 他们思维活跃、新潮,他们机智俏皮、妙语连珠。他们所创造的生动形象的语言是炫耀自己身上“闪耀着的智能的光辉”,他们所创造的幽默诙谐的语言是对平庸、枯燥、刻板生活的温和打击。例如网语“菌男”“霉女”是指相貌很丑的男女,因“菌”“霉”的使用能立刻使人想到过期、变质的食物,所以具有很强的反讽意味;“灌水”“造砖”在网络上都是指写文章,但“灌水”只是指随便写写,“造砖”则指潜心创作,带有很强的比喻色彩;“菜鸟”和“大虾”是网络新生和超级网虫的网上称呼,“菜鸟”是方言“笨”和“差劲”的意思,形容网络新手显得活泼、诙谐,而超级网虫经常坐在电脑前敲打键盘,日久天长,弓腰如虾,比喻十分生动形象。所有这些都让枯燥的计算机生动起来,成为交流情感的一方乐土,让人流连忘返。 陈原先生在他的《社会语言学》中说到:“现代社会生活的某种特殊情境,不能使用或不满足于使用语言(有声语言或书写语言)作为交际工具,常常求助于能直接打动(刺激)人的感觉器官的各种各样的符号,以代替语言,以便更直接,更有效,并能更迅速地作出反应。” [3]的确如此,中文表达本身存在一定的缺憾,在网络这个个性飞扬膨胀的特殊情境里不足以使年轻网民的思想得以尽情宣泄,于是符号网语在这个寸秒寸金的世界出现了。这种符号是现代标点的重新运用。既是抽象的,又是形象的;既是牵强附会的,又是妙不可言的。如:“Zhizhi同志昏倒在电脑前,以至于第二天上班都迟到了。:-(” [4]其中的“:-(”表示“苦笑”这种表情。如果我们把这个符号竖起来看的话,就会有形象生动的新感觉。网民通过这些符号传递他们特有的机智和创意。 敬一丹在做客新浪网时也谈到:“至于说年轻人当中出现的语言现象,我认为根本不需要大惊小怪”,“我觉得,他多半不是特别排斥正规的语言,而是追求一个修辞的效果。” [5]可见网民之间的交流用形象有趣的语言,是他们社会互动的一种特殊形式,曲折地表达了他们对社会、人生的一般态度。。 二、网络语言的标新立异对网民心理的折射 网络语言的标新立异表现在两个方面。一方面常常用异化的、情绪化的语言来宣泄某种平日里不能或不敢表达的情感。比如,用那些隐晦的数字表达出别样的感情, 770(亲亲你), 1314520(一生一世我爱你)恰到好处地表达了不好意思用语言直接表达的思想感情,既简洁实用,又显得幽默含蓄。又如把“东西”称为“东东”的“童语现象”,很难想象会在网络以外的任何交流环境中出现。这表现了在现今这个高压力快节奏的社会里,人们对无忧无虑的童年生活的向往。而在平日的现实生活中,表现出这样的情绪无异于向竞争对手、向社会示弱,所以在网上这个虚拟社会中,没有人知道你的性别和年龄,没有人与你形成真正意义上的竞争,网络便成了宣泄感情、显示“本我”的最佳地点。有一位心理学家曾就此发表过自己的观点,他认为:“从心理学角度来看,现代社会人的压力越来越大,人与人之间需要沟通、理解,网络成了情感宣泄窗口。”“由于网络具有隐蔽性,在网上聊天的人就更容易将平时鲜有机会表露的‘本我’显示出来,所以虽然目前网民中85%以上都是大专以上文化程度,但在聊天室里的表现往往比较‘初级’。” [6] 标新立异表现在另一方面常常视传统语法于不顾,表现出完全的随心所欲来。例如网上有一篇题为《小女子评说四方男人》的文章中写到:“只有爱上之后,才发现有点鸡肋。”还有这样一个句子:“还满腹生活常识地给太太充当购物顾问……” 。[7]网上还常常将“给你打电话”说成“电话你”,甚至连“气死我了”也说成“气死我乐”这种经常出现反常搭配的情况,都是从常用词语中翻出新意,网络语言显得越来越随意,越来越讲究冲破束缚。年轻人标新立异和叛逆的精神跃然纸上,折射出他们渴望被社会注意、理解和认同的迫切心情,着意与传统文化的含蓄、严谨和精致相疏离且乐此不疲,希望成为具有社会话语权力的主体的积极努力,愿意直接表达对社会和生活的理解和批评的率真性情。 “因此,他们常以出格的表达来达到一种放松,并企望以此体验一种快意。言辞的出轨、观念的冒险,是青年人经常采用的一种炫耀性的社会互动行为。” [8] 总之,任何一种语言,只要还被人们使用,就必然会不断地发展。创新是事物的生命力所在,只有创新,才能推动语言的发展。分析和理解年轻人在网络语言上的创新和突破,可以更真切地了解年轻人的生活方式、价值观念以及心态史的演变过程。 走出对网络语言的认识误区网虫”们有着自己与众不同的网络“词典”,越来越多的网络新词汇正在迅速蔓延。对此,厦门大学中文系教授、语言专家李如龙深感到担忧,他认为,网络语言对汉语是一种污染,是“一个不健康的苗头”。(新华社12月19日)对于层出不穷的网络新词语,人们向来有着不同的认识,李如龙教授的观点具有一定代表性。然而,与一些正统语言专家回避甚至鄙视网络语言形成鲜明对比的是,这些由敲起键盘来劈里啪啦的网上“高手”们制造出来的新奇词语,却为众多网民所熟悉和喜爱。在笔者看来,对于网络语言,一些人还存在以下三个方面的认识误区,走出这些误区,是正确看待和引导网络语言的关键。 已赞同1| 评论 2009-1-6 18:24 潍坊康沃特 | 八级 网络语言特征分析摘要:信息社会使人们的生活逐步进入了一种数字化生存的状态。而互联网的普及导致了独特的网络语言现象,那么网络与语言的结合对中国的社会和语言的发展将带来怎样的影响? 本文将从社会语言学的角度,通过对网络语言特征的分析,探讨这一语言现象与社会语境的深层关系。关键词:网络语言特征,语境,社会因素 1.引言 随着互联网络在中国的飞速发展和日益普及,网络交际这种全新的高科技交际模式已被越来越多的人所接受,并正因其独特的魅力而风靡全球。以BBS、网上论坛、虚拟社区、聊天室、ICQ、网络游戏为主要载体,网络交流已经逐渐成为现代人生活的一部分,网络语言也在极大地影响着21世纪信息社会中人们的生活网民为了高输入速度,对一些汉语和英语词汇进行改造,对文字、图片、符号等随意链接和镶嵌,创造出大量的汉字、数字、英文字母混杂组合的新词汇,出现了一些完全不符合汉语的规范表达方式的网络语言。网络交际以互联网为交际媒体,这就决定了网络交际语言的独特语言方式和文体特征。这种富有时代特征的新语言现象的背后实际上是社会发展对语言所产生的极大影响和推动所造成的。本文拟从社会语言学的角度,分析网络语言交际的特征,对网络语言现象的产生和发展
网络语言 你明白多少? 出生于上世纪八九十年代的新新人类有着自己与众不同的标志,伊妹儿、小猫、老鼠早已被踢出年轻一代的网络词典,越来越多的新词汇正以迅雷不及掩耳之势蔓延。“偶稀饭粗稀饭”,“晕倒,楼主刚从火星归来?”,“偶8素米女,偶素恐龙的说”,“介素虾米东东?”……这些都是新新人类的网络语言。 网络是个虚拟世界,受网费和网速的限制,为了提高交流沟通的效率和信息含量,属于它自己的“Q言Q语”便应运而生,给日常用语注入一股鲜活的血液。 新新人类都是一些创造力和模仿力都很强的年轻人,善于也乐于接受新鲜事物,也正因此,网络语言才会不断推陈出新。 Q语究竟是古老汉语的一种新时代烙印,还是把纯洁的汉语带入了一个歧途? 网络语言颠覆传统文字习惯 几家欢喜几家愁“周末,读大学的GG(哥哥)回来,给我带了很多好东西,都系‘偶’(我)非常‘稀饭’(喜欢)的。就‘酱紫’(这样子),‘偶’(我)就答应GG陪他去逛街吃KPM(肯德基、比萨饼、麦当劳)……”相信很多人看了这段文字都会不知所云,但这却是天津市某中学生作文里的一段文字。时下,这些时髦的网络“新语言”已成为不少青少年挂在嘴边的常用语。走进各所大中学校,我们随处可以听见“恐龙”“青蛙”“灌水”“BF(男朋友)”“MM(妹妹)”等这样的网络语言,有的学生甚至把它们当作书面语言,在作文中使用。这就给我们提出了一个问题:网络语言究竟是新新人类的文字游戏,还是现代汉语的积极发展?我们应该如何看待这种现象? 学生时髦有趣干吗不用? 天津新华社消息,天津市43中学的高一女生李某在接受记者采访时说,网络语言活泼幽默,用起来非常方便也很时髦,很受同学们的欢迎。她还告诉记者说,谁要是在网上一本正经地和别人聊天,是会被人家挖苦取笑的。 也有一些学生对记者说,语言的使用本就应该不拘一格,生动有趣的网络语言其实和相声、小品一样,也是语言魅力的体现。很多畅销的网络小说如《第一次亲密接触》、《猪八戒日记》里充斥了“美眉”“青蛙”这样的网络语言,读起来让人耳目一新,如果把这些词换成正统的表达,它的可读性就差很多。 记者登录了几家国内网站的论坛和聊天室,满眼充斥着让人看得似懂非懂的网络语言:“蛋白质”指“笨蛋、白痴、神经质”,“尴尬”一定要说成“监介”,网络新手被称作“菜鸟”,在网上乱留言叫“灌水”,“很S”形容的是说话拐弯抹角,而最常见的TAXI(出租车)在网络语言却变成了“太可惜”…… 老师认为网络语言冲击语文教学 家住天津市和平区的许女士无意间发现女儿的日记中有这样的文字:“……没想到我最要好的朋友竟欺我,TMD(他妈的),7456(气死我了),我恨不得一脚TST(踢死她)。”许女士看后不知所云,直到女儿一番解释她才明白过来。许女士无奈地对记者说:“这是什么话呀,日记本成了密码本,根本看不明白!看来我和孩子之间已经有了‘网络沟’。” 家住天津南开区的小楠在上小学时擅长写作文。入中学后,小楠开始迷上了网络。近日,老师在一次家长会上说,小楠写的作文让他有些看不懂,什么“PF(佩服)”、“BT(变态)”、“4242(是啊)”都用进去了。小楠的母亲翻开女儿的作文一看,到处是老师用红笔画的圈圈杠杠,都是“看不懂”的网络语言。 也有的家长认为,要让孩子不受网络语言的影响,就要让孩子们远离网络。可孩子们都反映,网络世界丰富多彩,利用网络可以获取很多知识,这令家长们左右为难。 专家宽容比扼杀更重要 有关专家表示,网络语言也是一种语言实践,能在学生中间风靡,就说明它是有生命力的。但是,如果用网络语言写出来的东西大部分人都看不懂,影响了沟通,也就失去了语言的意义。同时,老师和家长应该用宽容和理解的心态看待这种现象。 王辛铭说,在语言的长期发展中会出现一些新的词汇,有一部分有生命力,有一些会被淘汰,这些新出现的网络词汇中有些可能成为汉语的新词汇。网络语言是年轻人的一种调侃语言,它也有个生命力的问题。对网络语言我们要有个去伪存真、去粗取精的过程。对网络语言的出现不要大惊小怪,视为洪水猛兽。 天津师范大学文学院教授汤吉夫认为,社会发展越快越迅猛,语言就会不断地被丰富被更新。对于出现的网络流行语言不能简单地判断对错,它进入人们的生活需要一个逐步被接受的过程,因此对网络语言宽容比扼杀更重要。现在很多老师和家长会担心作文中大量使用网络语言会影响孩子的考试成绩,这种想法其实是不科学的。在我国大力提倡全面进行素质教育的今天,素质教育取代应试教育是一个必然趋势,一些有鲜活生命力的语言将不再成为高考作文的禁忌。 天津市社会科学研究院舆情研究所所长王来华说,网络语言作为一种灵活变通的表达方式与常规语言相比具有新奇、简单、有幽默感的特点,我们应当对它报以一种宽容的态度。同时,我们应当加强对网络语言的研究,分清楚哪些是健康的哪些是不健康的,并加强对学生的正面引导,促使其使用规范性的语言文字,毕竟传统的语言有其深厚的文化底蕴和历史内涵。 天津市求真高级中学高级教师王辛铭说,因受网络语言的影响,有同学在作文里会冷不丁地冒出个网络上的词语。一些年纪大的老师根本搞不清是什么意思。在平时教学中,我们要求学生写作文尽量用口语化的语言,可将学生作文收上来一看,还是有些学生会使用诸如“酷毙”、“卡哇依”之类的词。他认为,对此若不加以引导,学生极有可能会养成不规范使用语言文字的坏习惯。 天津市求真高级中学高级教师王义明指出,学生面临考试、升学的压力,在这样的现实条件下,如果一味地使用网络语言只会给自己带来“不安全因素”。阅卷老师对网络语言一般都不会买账,这样会直接影响他们的分数。 网络语言生成另类文化?时下,网络交流已日益成为人们生活中的一部分。随着网络交流的普及,一些新兴的网络语言正逐步影响着人们的生活。如果你不了解网络语言,就很难被视作网民中的真正一员,就像不懂英语很难与世界接轨一样。 网络的另类声音 在网上,如果你称呼漂亮姑娘为美女,肯定会让网友们喷饭———太俗了。网上美女的称呼叫“美眉”。发明这个称呼的网虫一定具有相当丰富的艺术细胞,因为姑娘的眉毛可是构成美貌的关键因素之一。 在中国的传统词汇中,东施是丑女的代名词,谁叫她效颦来着。可若是在网上,丑女们有着更令人胆战心惊的称呼:“恐龙”!如果再在前边加上3个字:肉食性。那可就彻底玩完了———谁也不敢惹长相丑陋的“泼妇”。 以上只是网络语言的一类,它来源于中国的传统词汇,但被网虫们赋予了新的含义。通常都非常形象,通俗易懂。“伊妹儿”、“美眉”是第一批伴随网络诞生的词汇。 此外,新词汇的诞生还有很多归功于网民们自己的创造。例如米国,并不是指生产大米的国家,而是指美国。网民打招呼的时候,通常不会说“我来了”、“我要去吃饭了”之类没品位的大白话。 在网上,数字语言更不可小觑。倘若你初涉网络,除非有破译密码的天才,否则是绝对弄不明白数字语言代表的真正含义。很多现实生活中的爱情高手就是这样栽在网上的。 网络语言还包括很多拼音或者英文字母的缩写,起初主要是网虫们为了提高网上聊天的效率而采取的方式,久而久之就形成特定语言了。比如说,“BB”的意思就很复杂了,它可能是宝贝、孩子,情人,也可能是和你说分手———BYE—BYE。 如果你愤怒,你可以选出一个横眉竖目的脸谱发过去,心情好时则可以选择哈哈大笑的卡通形象。还有许多符号都代表着不同的含义。网络语言种类繁多,很难一一列出,其中的意味、酸甜苦辣就得网民们自己去慢慢品了。 网络语言冲击语文教学 一位小学教师来电说,现在的学生开口“哇噻”闭口“酷MAN”的,让人不知所云。更可怕的是,有些学生在作文,尤其是日记、周记里面充斥着大量的类似语言。据了解,学生们都是从网上学来的。这位老师呼吁,现在学生上网的越来越多,而学生们又正处于打基础的时候,如果对网络语言不加以控制,很可能会对传统正规语言的学习产生负面影响。 北京小学副校长李明新在接受记者采访时说,应当客观地来看待网络语言对学生的影响,不能将其一棍子打死。语言反映了一定的社会现象,如果一个新的语言产生已经得到了社会的公认,而且对社会产生积极影响的话,我们就不能也不可能人为地去阻止它。比如说一些大众俚语、俗话就有很强的生命力,事实证明,这些语言对社会只有好处而没有弊端。倘若是些类似江湖黑话等不健康的语言,就应当坚决制止。 白云路小学教师张金芳认为,传统的语文教学比较正规,语法、词汇的运用都非常讲究。可是网络语言却不一样,随意的成分太大。如果单纯拒绝网络语言也不明智,毕竟它在某种程度上是很多学生内心世界的真实写照。但如果一味地放任自流也不行。这其间有个度的把握问题。比如说我的学生的文章出现个别网络语言,我不会去责怪他们,而是应该去了解它的真实含义。毕竟,对待新类型的语言,我们采取的方式不应该是逃避而是去学会如何面对。 面对教师们的忧虑,很多身处其中的学生们却不以为然。一位绰号“甲克虫”的小网民对记者说,我们打小就爱看卡通漫画、电视、现在又迷上了网络。我们知道自己需要什么样的语言。那些罗嗦乏味的文字我最讨厌,明明一个单词或者一副图片就能说明白的干吗要拐弯抹角来表达呢。 语言发展不能拒绝网络 记者从国家新闻出版署了解到,对于报纸、期刊、杂志上出现的文字,国家都有相应的规定。而对于兼具媒体性质的网络语言还没有出台专门的规定,有关部门也正在商讨相应的措施。另据国家语言文字工作委员会有关人士向记者透露,是否规范网络语言并不是非常重要,关键是看它是否具有生命力。语言是活的、变化的、一直处于发展中的。网络上冒出的新词汇主要取决于它自身的生命力。如果那些充满活力的网络语言能够经得起时间的考验,约定俗成后我们就可以接受。毕竟它们在一定程度上是我们这个网络时代的反映,同时,它也能丰富中国的语言文字。有一些专家就专门从事收集新词汇的工作。 一位语言学专家认为,人们应当以更加积极的态度去对待网络语言。纵观历史,人类的每一种新文化的兴起都会带来一些新的词汇。远的不说,比如近年国内兴起的股民专用术语,熊市、牛市等单词已经远远超出了股市的运用范围。现在的小孩,都是从读图时代长大的,他们需要更加简单、形象的交流工具。网络语言的产生与其说是为了迎合新一代的需要,倒不如说是语言发展史的必然。
华文版本 Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).HistoryCreationThe USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[citation needed] who had written an exhaustive study for the . Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating first TCP/IP-wide area network was made operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed megabit/second backbone that became the NSFNet. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet Service Providers were created: UUNET, PSINET and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the . that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating uses of the InternetE-mailFor more details on this topic, see concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to World Wide WebMany people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and the Web, it is also easier than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organisations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target impactThe Internet has made possible entirely new forms of social interaction, activities and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of items to their personal pages, to indicate common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users to utilize their real names, and to allow communication among large existing groups of like exist to allow wider announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings, but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site at , or other similar organization and censorshipFor more details on this topic, see Internet democratic societies, the Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States became famous for its ability to generate donations via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a whole new method of organizing, in order to carry out Internet governments, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed]Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control activitiesThe Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, to which players of games would typically subscribe. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites like MySpace, Facebook and many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services.[9]Complex architectureMany computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[10] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.[11]According to a June 2007 article in Discover magazine, the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the Internet in a day is millionths of an ounce.[12] Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).[13]MarketingThe Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, Facebook and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.