服装成本控制研究论文

一般情况下，服装生产企业的成本主要有以下5方面组成：一是服装的面辅料约占总成本的65％左右；二是劳动力成本占总成本的15％左右；三是机物料、水、电、汽、交通运输等制造成本占总成本的8％；四是营业、管理、财务费用占成本的6％；五是产品外加工费6％。企业产品的不同，各项费用在产品成本中所占比例的高低不尽相同，但总体来说，材料费用在产品成本中所占的比例最高，一般都在60%～80%之间浮动。也有企业把成本分为显性成本和隐形成本，显性成本包括人工工时、材料耗用量、费用发生额等，隐性成本也即运营模式、组织协调成本、产出效率等。闻力生教授指出，企业最容易忽略的是产品质量的控制与管理,服装企业这方面做得不好,主要反映在企业技术人员不适应,有的甚至还不知质量与成本关系的重要。上海和鹰机电科技有限公司技术总监凌军认为，隐性成本中，“时间成本”也很少被纳入到管理者的成本管理视野。 成本控制中的问题 从企业价值链角度分析，企业的生产经营过程是产品或服务价值的形成过程，同时也是成本费用的发生和形成的过程。很多企业在成本控制中，一味强调降低成本，而没有考虑到产品的竞争力，没有进行成本效益分析，没有将成本控制与企业的战略相结合。随着市场透明化程度的越来越高，可供企业在原材料采购上讨价还价的空间越来越小，如果企业片面的为了降低成本而忽视产品，或为了追求短期效益偷工减料、克扣人员薪酬，最终只会走上自我毁灭之路。 许多服装企业成本控制一直集中在生产阶段。生产阶段的成本控制非常重要。目前，国内中小型企业在对生产过程中形成浪费的控制是成本控制中最弱的环节。采购面料时，大家为一分一毛相互争执，但是在面料入仓后，生产管理从裁剪、到生产线、到换片就很少有人去严加管控，这给服装企业造成不可估量的损失。事实上，80%的产品成本在设计阶段就被锁定了。 设备采购、更新存在一定的盲目性。很多企业意识到通过更新改造设备、提高生产效率和产品技术水平来达到成本控制的目的，但有些企业对这些高科技工具认识并不深刻，盲目引进，不能使设备很好地发挥作用而造成设备闲置、资金浪费。闻力生教授认为，设备的不断更新改造主要是以提高工效、提高产品质量和节省人工成本为目的的,但是设备更新频率过高会造成成本的增长,所以如何控制成本以取得高收益,这是一个成本综合研究的结果,成本的各个因素都要考虑。重生产、提高生产率、降低成本无可非议,但抓设计本身是产品的全过程,事事与成本相关,目前由重生产转向重设计品牌才是明智之举。 成本核算人才的缺乏。服装生产成本核算是一项综合性较强的工作，既要熟悉服装工艺情况，又要掌握财务管理知识等。而目前，学校基本没有开设这一专业，造成了成本核算人才的短缺，这是服装企业成本控制中遇到的较为显著的难题。 成本控制的关键 闻力生教授介绍，企业可从软、硬件两方面进行成本控制，如可用CAD/CAM技术提高工效、节省面辅料；设备更新可提高工效与产品质量；合理的高工艺编制效率可提高工效和产品质量、节约人工；创新面辅料和创意时尚文化设计可提高品牌知名度，提高附加值；企业提高管理水平可进一步提高产品质量和降低成本；企业实行非专业业务外包或租赁也可降低成本，等等。 成本控制的内容很多，能有效实施成本控制的手段也很多，但如果企业控制成本不分轻重，不加区分地都花大力气进行成本控制，往往达到的效果不一定好。抓住控制成本的主要方面，企业的成本计划一般就不会突破，成本控制的主要目标也就比较容易达到。服装属于升级换代比较快的产品，产品的设计也就成为成本控制的关键点。对服装企业来说，研发技术部门对其他部门产生的成本具有重要影响，具有长期性和战略性。研发设计环节发生的成本费用虽然仅占全部成本的5%～10%，但是产品80%的成本却在设计环节就已经被确定了。首席设计师能够严控产前技术准备前期的价格控制成本，这一源头把控好，就能够以现有的产品市场价格倒推原始成本核算来达到控制执行的目的。如果这一级操作控制不好，就会影响接下来的成本控制。研发技术部分中制版和排料两项工作与成本控制的关系最为密切。制版的周期直接决定出样衣的速度，也直接考验企业的盈利水平和接单能力。而排料则直接影响到面料的消耗和裁片的精确性，进而影响到缝制的质量。裁剪刀的余位根据排料图上各块纸样之间的空位和裁剪刀的宽度而定，如果裁剪刀活动的空间不足，会影响裁剪的准确性，但余位太多会导致布料的浪费。有效的成本控制关键还在于提高管理效率和生产效率。效率提高，生产相同数量的产品所需要的时间缩短，或者相同的时间减少员工数量，这样就能减少人力成本和其他的消耗，更重要的是在没有增加投入的情况下，扩大了产能，增加了产出，提高了企业的盈利能力。

第一段翻译如下Since the beginning of 21st century, are encouraged because of country's policy, private enterprise of middle of our country minitype gets unparalleled development , leap across disregarding being it is more enormous mass has mounted It both on quantity. They increase by in driving national economy , play moving a national income being bringing the more and more big effect into play on increasing by, occupy more and more important position in national economy. But under such market economy condition, the concept the tradition cost is controlled already can not adapt to modern cost idea, responds to the outside environment keeping a foothold in the overall strategic objective and enterprise , seeks cost in the contrast from cost and beneficial result minization not only the content that modern business cost controls being to cost down isolatedly. After our country has added WTO, enterprise of our country starts the cut-throat competition facing a lot of international enterprise directly. Enterprise of our country needs to want to seek survival and develop in this fierce rivalry environment , the cost must reinforce enterprise right away controls, reinforce the concept that modern cost of enterprise controls. Cost controls a important link in being control of production cost , the current situation that our country business cost controls goes up because of capital goods price ceaselessness , enterprise assets cost of production is notable increase by, much the enterprise Chen cost is out of control and under the control of , the sources of energy dissipation is comparatively grave , make cost of goods manufactured loss increase by. Cost under the control of pattern being hit by small enterprise tradition is difficult to be adjusted to the day by day fierce marketplace competing environment. For example: Production facility and technology obsolescence fall behind , raw material mass is difficult to transport administration bad ,produce out large amount of substandard products , discard in procedure of production, the mass loss bringing about waits a minute extremely greatly. That the tradition cost is controlled is to appear but come into being adapt to big Industrial Revolution's and develops, IT renews unceasingly with global economy integration's paces accelerating,enterprise is confronted with hitherto unknown competition pressure as a result. Enterprise is making great efforts to explore much better cost control method , requires that the cost navar has stronger function and to calculate cost of goods manufactured more accurate. Under this background, modern cost arises at the historic moment under the control of , the cost navar all with tradition has notable difference disregarding being in the field of concept or the means in what be applied.第二段翻译如下The main body of a book analysis marriage partner is one clothing enterprise , the clothing business cost hierarchy of control falls behind , adjust accounts of organization loosening , accounting method no correctly, that cost controls lack is strict with the product in the production cycle , cost of production sticks at a high level , lead to enterprise competitiveness no strong. The category cost is controlled too narrow , attaches importance to only before delivery have ignored controlling that whose product expects under the control of. Management through accounting duty can bring into play very good. Lead to unable new timely cost control method. The main body of a book managing having set forth the A company first condition, points out and A having a lot of problem in the company , having some problem specifically for cost controls middle around flow of production and every link, explores solving rationalizing scheme, put forward strengthens a little measure that cost controls , attaches importance to control detail , all-round cost of cost under the control of mission, suggest that modern cost controls advantage , expound and modern cost synthetically controlling the item that the link needs to pay attention to one by one , make the person have the science cost system of account , advanced control, Reach technological innovation ultimately improving cost controlling effect, job being ready for cost of goods manufactured controlling every stage. Guard the pass from the headstream , pass on to different levels for approval reporting , sift layer upon layer strictly, the first are that time provides the cost data. From reducing cost of goods manufactured , controlling cost and profit fundamentally, competitiveness hoisting A enterprise marketplace. Make the person can occupy a space for one person in the marketplace tide.文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、